Hamish douglass biography of mahatma
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Apartheid
South African system of racial separation
This article is about apartheid in South Africa. For apartheid as defined in international law, see Crime of apartheid. For other uses, see Apartheid (disambiguation).
Apartheid (ə-PART-(h)yte, especially South African English: ə-PART-(h)ayt, Afrikaans:[aˈpart(ɦ)əit]ⓘ; transl. "separateness", lit. 'aparthood') was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa[a] (now Namibia) from 1948 to the early 1990s.[note 1] It was characterised by an authoritarian political culture based on baasskap (lit. 'boss-ship' or 'boss-hood'), which ensured that South Africa was dominated politically, socially, and economically by the nation's minority white population.[4] Under this minoritarian system, white citizens held the highest status, followed by Indians, Coloureds and black Africans, in that order.[4] The economic legacy and social effects of apartheid continue to the present day, particularly inequality.[5][6][7][8]
Broadly speaking, apartheid was delineated into petty apartheid, which entailed the segregation of public facilities and social events, and grand